- Kavala Island (The Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Mamba-Kayenda Islands (The Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Milima Island (The Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Kibishie Island (The Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- Mutondwe Island ( Zambia)
- Kumbula Island ( Zambia)
- Cichlid tribes in Lake Tanganyika (E = tribe endemic or near-endemic)
- Bathybatini (E): Bathybates ferox is benthic and piscivorous, but the genus also includes pelagic species. The tribe is sometimes split in three, others being Hemibatini and Trematocarini
- The port town of Kigoma is the railhead for the railway from Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.
- The port town of Kalemie (previously named Albertville) is the railhead for the D.R. Congo rail network.
- The port town of Mpulungu is a proposed railhead for Zambia.
Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake. It is the second oldest freshwater
lake in the world, second largest by volume, and the second deepest, in all cases after Lake
Baikal in Siberia; it is also the world's longest freshwater
lake. The lake is divided among four countries – Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the
majority of the lake. The water flows into the Congo
River system and ultimately
into the Atlantic Ocean.
The name apparently refers to "Tanganika, 'the
great lake spreading out like a plain', or 'plain-like lake'."
Geography and geological history
Lake Tanganyika is situated within the Albertine Rift, the western
branch of the East African Rift, and is
confined by the mountainous walls of the valley. It is the largest rift
lake in Africa and the second
largest lake by volume in the world. It is the deepest lake in Africa and
holds the greatest volume of fresh water, accounting for 16% of the world's
available fresh water. It extends for 676 km (420 mi) in a general
north-south direction and averages 50 km (31 mi) in width. The lake
covers 32,900 km2 (12,700 sq mi), with a shoreline of
1,828 km (1,136 mi), a mean depth of 570 m (1,870 ft) and
a maximum depth of 1,470 m (4,820 ft) (in the northern basin). It
holds an estimated 18,900 cubic kilometres (4,500 cu mi).
The catchment area of the
lake is 231,000 km2 (89,000 sq mi).
Two main rivers flow into the lake, as well as numerous smaller rivers and
streams (whose lengths are limited by the steep mountains around the lake).
There is one major outflow, the Lukuga River, which empties
into the Congo River drainage.
The major river flowing into the lake is the Ruzizi River, formed about
10,000 years ago, which enters the north of the lake from Lake
Kivu. The Malagarasi River, which is
Tanzania's second largest river, enters the east side of Lake Tanganyika. The
Malagarasi is older than Lake Tanganyika and, before the lake was formed,
directly drained into the Congo River.
The lake has a complex history of changing flow
patterns, due to its high altitude, great depth, slow rate of refill and
mountainous location in a turbulently volcanic area that has undergone climate
changes. Apparently it has rarely in the past had an outflow to the sea. It
has been described as 'practically endorheic' for this reason. The lake's connection to the sea
is dependent on a high water level allowing water to overflow out of the lake
through the Lukunga into the Congo.
Due to the lake's tropical location, it has a high
rate of evaporation. Thus it depends on a high inflow through the Ruzizi out
of Lake Kivu to keep the lake high enough to overflow. This outflow is
apparently not more than 12,000 years old, and resulted from lava flows
blocking and diverting the Kivu basin's previous outflow into Lake
Edward and then the Nile
system, and diverting it to Lake Tanganyika. Signs of ancient shorelines
indicate that at times Tanganyika may have been up to 300 m (980 ft)
lower than its present surface level, with no outlet to the sea. Even its current
outlet is intermittent and may not have been operating when first visited by
Western explorers in 1858.
The lake may also have at times had different inflows
and outflows: inward flows from a higher Lake
Rukwa, access to Lake
Malawi and an exit route to the
Nile have all been proposed to have existed at some point in the lake's
history.
Lake Tanganyika is an ancient lake. Its three
basins, which in periods with much lower water levels were separate lakes, are
of different ages. The central began to form 9—12 million years ago (mya), the
northern 7—8 mya and the southern 2—4 mya.
Islands
There are several islands in Lake Tanganyika. The
most important of them are
Water characteristics
The lake's water is alkaline with a pH of around 9 at depths of 0–100 m
(0–330 ft). Below this it is around 8.7, gradually decreasing to
8.3—8.5 in the deepest parts of Tanganyika. A similar pattern can be seen
in the electric conductivity, ranging from about
670 μS/cm in the upper
part to 690 μS/cm in the deepest.
Surface temperatures generally range from about
24 °C (75 °F) in the southern part of the lake in early August to
28–29 °C (82–84 °F) in the late rainy season in March—April. At
depths greater than 400 m (1,300 ft) the temperature is very stable
at 23.1–23.4 °C (73.6–74.1 °F).
The lake is stratified and
seasonal mixing generally does not extend beyond depths of 150 m
(490 ft). The mixing mainly occurs as upwellings in the south and is wind-driven, but to a
lesser extent there are also up- and downwellings elsewhere in the
lake. As a consequence of the stratification, the deep sections contain
"fossil water". This
also means that there is no oxygen (it is anoxic) in the deeper parts,
essentially limiting fish and other aerobic organisms to the
upper part. There are some geographical variations in this limit, but it is
typically at depths of around 100 m (330 ft) in the northern part of
the lake and 240–250 m (790–820 ft) in the south. The
oxygen-devoid deepest sections contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulphide and
are essentially lifeless, except for bacteria.
Biology
Reptiles
Lake Tanganyika and associated wetlands are home
to Nile crocodiles (including famous giant Gustave), Zambian hinged terrapins, serrated hinged terrapins and pan hinged terrapins (last species not in the lake itself, but in
adjacent lagoons). The Storm's water cobra, a threatened subspecies of banded water cobra that feeds mainly on
fish, is only found in Lake Tanganyika where it prefers rocky shores.
Cichlid fish
The lake holds at least 250 species of cichlid fish. and undescribed species remain. Almost all (98%) of the Tanganyika cichlids
are endemic to
the lake and it is thus an important biological resource for the study
of speciation in
evolution. The cichlids of the African Great Lakes, including Tanganyika, represent the most diverse extent of adaptive radiation in vertebrates.
Although Tanganyika has far fewer cichlid species
than Lake Malawi and Victoria which both have
experienced relatively recent explosive species radiations (resulting
in many closely related species), its cichlids are the most morphologically and genetically diverse.
This is linked to the high age of Tanganyika, as it is far older than the
other lakes. Tanganyika has the largest number of endemic cichlid generaof all African lakes. All Tanganyika cichlids
are in the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. Of the 10 tribes in this
subfamily, half are largely or entirely restricted to the lake (Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini and Tropheini) and another three have species in the lake (Haplochromine, Tilapiini and Tylochromini). Others
have proposed splitting the Tanganyika cichlids into as many as 12—16 tribes
(in addition to previous mentioned, Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini and Trematocarini).
Most Tanganyika cichlids live along the shoreline
down to a depth of 100 m (330 ft), but some deep-water species
regularly descend to 200 m (660 ft). Trematocara species
have exceptionally been found at more than 300 m (980 ft), which is
deeper than any other cichlid in the world. Some of the deep-water cichlids
(e.g., Bathybates, Gnathochromis, Hemibates and Xenochromis) have
been caught in places virtually devoid of oxygen, but how they are able to
survive there is unclear. Tanganyika cichlids are generally benthic (found at or near the bottom) and/or
coastal. No Tanganyika cichlids are truly pelagic and offshore,
except for some of the piscivorousBathybates.Two of these, B. fasciatus and B. leo,
mainly feed on Tanganyika sardines. Tanganyika cichlids differ extensively in ecology and include
species that are herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. Their breeding behavior
fall into two main groups, the substrate spawners (often in caves or rock
crevices) and the mouthbrooders. Among the
endemic species are two of the world's smallest cichlids, Neolamprologus multifasciatus and N. similis (both shell dwellers) at up to
4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in), and one of the largest, the giant cichlid (Boulengerochromis microlepis) at up to 90 cm (3.0 ft).
Many cichlids from Lake Tanganyika, such as species
from the genera Altolamprologus, Cyprichromis, Eretmodus, Julidochromis, Lamprologus, Neolamprologus, Tropheus and Xenotilapia, are
popular aquarium fish due to their bright colors and patterns, and interesting
behaviors. Recreating a Lake Tanganyika biotope to host those cichlids in a habitat similar to
their natural environment is also popular in the aquarium hobby.
Lake Tanganyika is home to more than 80 species of
non-cichlid fish and about 60% of these are endemic.[14][21][56][57]
The open waters of the pelagic zone are dominated by
four non-cichlid species: Two species of "Tanganyika sardine" (Limnothrissa miodonand Stolothrissa tanganicae ) form the largest biomass of fish in this zone, and they are important
prey for the forktail lates (Lates
microlepis) and sleek
lates (L. stappersii).[32] Two additional lates are found in the lake,
the Tanganyika lates (L.
angustifrons) and bigeye lates (L. mariae), but both these are primarily benthic hunters,
although they also may move into open waters. The four lates, all endemic to
Tanganyika, have been overfished and larger individuals are rare today.
Among the more unusual fish in the lake are the
endemic, facultatively brood parasitic "cuckoo
catfish", including at least Synodontis grandiops[58] and S. multipunctatus. A number of others are very similar
(e.g., S. lucipinnis and S. petricola) and have often been confused; it is unclear if they
have a similar behavior. The facultative brood parasites often lay their eggs
synchronously with mouthbroding cichlids. The cichlid pick up the eggs in
their mouth as if they were their own. Once the catfish eggs hatch the young
eat the cichlid eggs. Five catfish genera are entirely restricted to the
lake basin: Bathybagrus, Dinotopterus, Lophiobagrus, Phyllonemus and Tanganikallabes. Although not endemic on a genus level, six species of Chrysichthys catfish
are only found in the Tanganyika basin where they live both in shallow and
relatively deep waters; in the latter habitat they are the primary
predators and scavengers. A unique evolutionary radiation in the lake is the 15 species of Mastacembelus spiny
eels, all but one endemic to its basin. Although other African Great
Lakes have Synodontis catfish, endemic catfish genera and Mastacembelus spiny eels, the relatively high diversity is
unique to Tanganyika, which likely is related to its old age.
Among the non-endemic fish, some are widespread
African species but several are only shared with the Malagarasi and Congo
River basins, such as the Congo bichir (Polypterus congicus), goliath tigerfish (Hydrocynus goliath), Citharinus citharus, six-banded distichodus(Distichodus sexfasciatus)
and mbu puffer (Tetraodon mbu).
Molluscs and crustaceans
A total of 68 freshwater snail species
(45 endemic) and 15 bivalve species
(8 endemic) are known from the lake. Many of the snails are unusual for
species living in freshwater in having noticeably thickened shells and/or
distinct sculpture,
features more commonly seen in marine snails. They are referred to as
thallasoids, which can be translated to "marine-like". All the
Tanganyika thallasoids, which are part of Prosobranchia, are endemic to
the lake. Initially they were believed to be related to similar marine
snails, but they are now known to be unrelated. Their appearance is now
believed to be the result of the highly diverse habitats in Lake Tanganyika
and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and, in
particular, Platythelphusa crabs. A total of 17 freshwater snail
genera are endemic to the lake, such as Hirthia, Lavigeria, Paramelania, Reymondia, Spekia, Stanleya, Tanganyicia and Tiphobia. There
are about 30 species of non-thallasoid snails in the lake, but only five of
these are endemic, including Ferrissia tanganyicensis and Neothauma tanganyicense. The latter is the largest Tanganyika snail and
its shell is often used by small shell-dwelling cichlids.
Crustaceans are also highly diverse in Tanganyika
with more than 200 species, of which more than half are endemic. They
include 10 species of freshwater crabs (9 Platythelphusa and Potamonautes platynotus; all endemic), at least 11 species of
small atyid shrimp
(Atyella, Caridella and Limnocaridina), an endemic palaemonid shrimp (Macrobrachium moorei), at
least 23 endemic ostracods and
several copepods.
Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake
Tanganyika far surpasses all others in terms of crustacean and freshwater
snail richness (both in total number of species and number of endemics). For
example, the only other Rift Valley lake with endemic freshwater crabs is Lake
Kivu with two species.
Other invertebrates
The diversity of other invertebrate groups in Lake
Tanganyika is often not well-known, but there are at least 20 described
species of leeches (12
endemics), 9 sponges (7
endemic), 6 bryozoa (2
endemic), 11 flatworms (7
endemic), 20 nematodes (7
endemic), 28 annelids (17
endemic) and the small hydrozoan jellyfish Limnocnida tanganyicae.
Industry
It is estimated that 25–40% of the protein in the
diet of the approximately one million people living around the lake comes from
lake fish. Currently, there are around 100,000 people directly involved in the
fisheries operating from almost 800 sites. The lake is also vital to the
estimated 10 million people living in the greater basin.
Lake Tanganyika fish can be found exported throughout
East Africa. Commercial fishing began in the mid-1950s and has had an
extremely heavy impact on the pelagic fish species; in
1995 the total catch was around 180,000 tonnes. Former industrial fisheries,
which boomed in the 1980s, have subsequently collapsed.
Transport
Two ferries carry passengers and cargo along the
eastern shore of the lake: MV Liemba between Kigoma and Mpulungu and MV Mwongozo between Kigoma and Bujumbura.
On Dec. 12, 2014, the ferry MV Mutambala capsized on Lake Tanganyika, and more than 120
lives were lost.
History
It is thought that early Homo Sapiens was
making an impact on the region already during the stone
age. The time period of the Middle
Stone Age to Late Stone Age is described as an age of advanced
hunter-gatherers. It is believed they would have caused megafaunal extinctions.
There are many methods in which the native people of
the area were fishing. Most of them included using a lantern as a lure for
fish that are attracted to light. There were three basic forms. One called
Lusenga which is a wide net used by one person from a canoe. The second one is
using a lift net. This was done by dropping a net deep below the boat using
two parallel canoes and then simultaneously pulling it up. The third is called
Chiromila which consisted of three canoes. One canoe was stationary with a
lantern while another canoe holds one end of the net and the other circles the
stationary one to meet up with the net.
The first known Westerners to find the lake were the
British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke,
in 1858. They located it while searching for the source of the Nile
River. Speke continued and found the
actual source, Lake Victoria. Later David Livingstone passed
by the lake. He noted the name "Liemba" for its southern part, a
word probably from the Fipa language, and in
1927 this was chosen as the new name for the conquered German First World War
ship Graf von
Götzen which is still serving the
lake up to the present time.
World War I
The lake was the scene of two celebrated battles
during World War I.
With the aid of the Graf Goetzen (named
after Count Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen, the former governor of German East Africa), the Germans had complete control of the lake in the early stages of
the war. The ship was used both to ferry cargo and personnel across the lake,
and as a base from which to launch surprise attacks on Allied troops.
It therefore became essential for the Allied forces
to gain control of the lake themselves. Under the command of Lieutenant
Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson the British Royal Navy achieved the monumental task of bringing two armed motor
boats HMS Mimi and
HMS Toutou from England to the lake by rail, road and
river to Albertville (since renamed Kalemie in 1971) on the western shore of Lake
Tanganyika. The two boats waited until December 1915, and mounted a surprise
attack on the Germans, with the capture of the gunboat Kingani. Another
German vessel, the Hedwig, was sunk in February 1916, leaving the Götzen as the only German vessel remaining to control
the lake.
As a result of their strengthened position on the
lake, the Allies started advancing towards Kigoma by land, and the Belgians
established an airbase on the western shore at Albertville. It was from there,
in June 1916, that they launched a bombing raid on German positions in and
around Kigoma. It is unclear whether or not the Götzen was hit (the Belgians claimed to have hit it
but the Germans denied this), but German morale suffered and the ship was
subsequently stripped of its gun since it was needed elsewhere.
The war on the lake had reached a stalemate by this
stage, with both sides refusing to mount attacks. However, the war on land was
progressing, largely to the advantage of the Allies, who cut off the railway
link in July 1916 and threatened to isolate Kigoma completely. This led the
German commander, Gustav Zimmer,
to abandon the town and head south. In order to avoid his prize ship falling
into Allied hands, Zimmer scuttled the vessel on July 26, 1916. The vessel was
later raised in 1924 and renamed MV Liemba (see transport).
Che Guevara
In 1965 Argentinian revolutionary Che
Guevara used the western shores
of Lake Tanganyika as a training camp for guerrilla forces in the Congo. From
his camp, Che and his forces attempted to overthrow the government, but ended
up pulling out in less than a year since the National Security Agency (NSA) had been monitoring him the entire time
and aided government forces in ambushing his guerrillas.
Recent history
In 1992 Lake Tanganyika featured in the British TV
documentary series Pole to Pole.
The BBC documentarian Michael Palin stayed on
board the MV Liemba and
travelled across the lake.
Since 2004 the lake has been the focus of a massive
Water and Nature Initiative by the IUCN. The project is scheduled to take five years at a
total cost of US$27 million. The initiative is attempting to monitor the
resources and state of the lake, set common criteria for acceptable level of
sediments, pollution, and water quality in general, and design and establish a
lake basin management authority.
Effects of global warming
Because of increasing global temperature there is a
direct correlation to lower productivity in Lake Tanganyika. Southern winds
create upwells of deep nutrient-rich water on the southern end of the lake.
This happens during the cooler months (May to September). These nutrients that
are in deep water are vital in maintaining the aquatic food
web. The southernly winds are
slowing down which limits the ability for the mixing of nutrients. This is
correlating with less productivity in the lake.