Mesa Verde National
Park is a National Park and World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County, Colorado. It protects some of the best preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States.
Created by President Theodore Roosevelt in
1906, the park occupies 52,485 acres (21,240 ha) near the Four
Corners region of
the American Southwest. With more than 4,300 sites, including 600 cliff dwellings,
it is the largest archaeological preserve in the U.S. Mesa Verde (Spanish for
"green table") is best known for structures such as Cliff
Palace, thought to be
the largest cliff dwelling in North America.
Starting c.7500 BCE, Mesa
Verde was seasonally inhabited by a group of nomadic Paleo-Indians known
as the Foothills Mountain Complex. The variety of projectile points found in
the region indicates they were influenced by surrounding areas, including
the Great Basin, the San Juan Basin,
and the Rio Grande Valley. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and
around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750
CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture.
The Mesa Verdeans survived using a
combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as
corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end
of the 12th century, they began to construct the massive cliff dwellings for
which the park is best known. By 1285, following a period of social and
environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts,
they abandoned the area and moved south to locations in Arizona and New Mexico,
including Rio Chama, Pajarito Plateau,
and Santa Fe.